Biotic factors include interactions between organisms, like disease, predation, parasitism, and competition among species or within a single species. In addition, living organisms themselves are ...

Both the Arctic and Antarctica have experienced some of the most rapid warming on Earth, leading to widespread shifts in the distribution, abundance, and diversity of polar biotic communities.

Kurt McLaren, Setu Monroe, Byron Wilson, The Arctic oscillation, climatic variability, and biotic factors influenced seedling dynamics in a Caribbean moist forest, Ecology, Vol. 97, No. 9 (September ...

A long-standing macroecological hypothesis posits that species range limits are primarily determined by abiotic factors (e.g. climate) at poleward boundaries and biotic factors (e.g. competition) at ...