Many now lie in ruins, but once were the epicenter of life, commerce and culture. We begin with Syganak, once the capital of the Kipchak Khanate and a strategic hub that bridged east and west. ASTANA ...

According to German political scientist Martin Axmann in his seminal work Back to the Future: The Khanate of Kalat and the Genesis of Baloch Nationalism 1915–1955, Kalat had clear ambitions to carve ...

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The program also included visits to one of the architectural pearls of Nakhchivan - the Momina Khatun Tomb, the Nakhchivan Khan’s Palace, open-air museum at the “Ajami” park, showcasing the artifacts ...

Disguised as a dervish, his deep knowledge of Eastern languages and culture enabled him to travel through Türkiye and Iran to the Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara. The result of this ...