Every gardener knows that heart-sinking feeling when a cold snap hits and you wake up to find your once-thriving shrubs and young trees coated in frost. Frost damage can turn lush green growth into ...

Cross section of hypocotyl of 8-week-old Arabidopsis thaliana. The ovac mutant displays enhanced secondary vessel differentiation (red) at the expense of parchenchyma cells. Images A2 and B2 show the ...

Wood is formed from secondary xylem tissue consisting of cells with a heavily thickened secondary cell wall that is enriched in lignin and cellulose. In contrast, primary cell walls are composed ...