Voltage references are available with fixed and adjustable reference voltage outputs. Adjustable output is set by a resistor divider connected to a reference pin. These references are either shunt ...

CMOS voltage reference circuits are integral to modern electronic systems, providing a stable and reproducible voltage that underpins the performance of myriad integrated devices. These circuits ...

A precision voltage reference is useful in the lab for checking your multimeters. This post describes the construction of a poor man’s precision voltage reference. It is great for checking any ...

Applications sometimes require the generation of a voltage that is below the reference rail. Many design engineers would just use a second regulator to generate this voltage. However, a simple change ...

Low-cost monolithic precision adjustable voltage references are available in multiple families from multiple manufacturers, but this isn’t true for adjustable precision current references. That’s ...