The concept of balance-of-payments-constrained economic growth has long served as a vital framework for understanding how external imbalances can limit long-run economic expansion. This approach ...

Learn how official settlement accounts manage global reserve assets between central banks, affecting international trade, monetary stability, and economic health.

Discover how current and capital accounts differ within the balance of payments, helping you understand international trade ...

Money never stops moving across borders. Whether it’s exports, foreign investments, or massive international loans, every country tracks these transactions using the Balance of Payments. But few ...

Blog posts represent the views of CFR fellows and staff and not those of CFR, which takes no institutional positions. China’s GDP statistics are widely thought to be, well, works of performance art.