This band structure typically consists of a conduction band composed of bonding orbitals (which have symmetric wave functions), and a valence band composed of antibonding orbitals (antisymmetric ...

Techniques for Band Gap Engineering vary, including doping, the introduction of impurities into a semiconductor to alter its electrical properties; strain engineering, where stress is applied to ...

by injecting electrons into the conduction band of the material and providing lower-energy sites ('holes') in the valence band into which they can fall, thereby creating light of a colour ...