Since newborn infants cannot express their pain with words, staff need to assess their pain by looking at their behaviours and vital signs instead. Many different rating scales can be used for this, ...

Difficult patient encounters were associated with suboptimal chronic pain management outcomes but had no effect on patient follow-up.

The Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) showed strong correlations with other validated pain observation tools in ...

Patients are asked to report their specific functional challenges (up to 5) and rate them on a scale of 0–10 (0=unable to perform to 10=no functional limitation). Self-reported functional challenges ...