Traffic signal performance evaluation and its subsequent optimisation represent crucial components of modern urban mobility management. The field encompasses a diverse array of methodologies—from ...
Accurate smartphone positioning in dense urban environments remains challenging due to signal blockage, multipath effects, and unreliable satellite visibility. This study presents a new positioning ...
—White noise (also called broadband noise): Flat part of the noise graph which is the noise floor of the part, Figure 6. It is defined over a frequency and is constant. Squaring both sides give white ...