For more than a century, thermodynamics has described how heat flows and engines run, while quantum mechanics has ruled the ...

WASHINGTON, Sept. 6, 2023 – Though a cornerstone of thermodynamics, entropy remains one of the most vexing concepts to teach budding physicists in the classroom. As a result, many people oversimplify ...

Thermodynamic spontaneity—whether a reaction can go—can be measured by changes in either of two parameters: entropy or free energy.

The universe, in all its vastness, is governed by physical laws that dictate the ebb and flow of matter and energy. A cornerstone among these laws is the second law of thermodynamics, which suggests a ...