Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the lattice structure of frozen water, for example, and for joining the two strands of DNA’s double helix. Chemists know that some hydrogen bonds are stronger ...

These new bonds were only discovered in 2016, and are formed when the end of a lysine side-chain is linked to the end of a cysteine side-chain with an oxygen atom linking them together.

Key Concepts The electrons on the outermost energy level of the atom are called valence electrons. The valence electrons are involved in bonding one atom to another. The attraction of each atom’s ...

Oxygen atoms are close together. The electrons from each atom feel the attraction from the protons in the nucleus of the other atom. This attraction pulls the atoms together and the electrons are ...