Charged amino acid side chains can form ionic bonds, and polar amino acids are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Hydrophobic side chains interact with each other via weak van der Waals interactions.

Proteins can further fold and assemble into complex structures, such as α-helices and β-sheets, which are stabilized by various interactions, including hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges, and ...

Catalytic conversion of waste CO2 into value-added fuels and chemicals offers unprecedented opportunities for both ...

Innovative catalyst design enhances CO2 reduction efficiency by stabilizing the *COOH intermediate, revealing the impact of microenvironment on catalysis.

Free RNA nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with the exposed DNA strand nucleotides ... Peptide bonds form between the adjacent amino acids to finalise the structure.

In this type of pairing, adenine (A) forms two hydrogen bonds with thymine (T ... which is read in triplets (codons) to specify the amino acid sequence of proteins. The complementary nature of base ...

In these drawings, every line is a bond and every bend is a carbon atom. Most hydrogen atoms are not shown, and it is assumed each carbon has enough hydrogens so that each carbon has four bonds.