Israel launched a punishing air campaign on Iran early Friday, killing some of the upper echelons of Iran’s military leadership along with parts of its nuclear infrastructure.

Following Iran’s 1979 Islamic Revolution, the country’s leadership immediately identified the U.S. and Israel as its main enemies. This was connected in large part to American and Israeli ties to Iran’s last shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who fled Iran while fatally ill ahead of the revolution and despised by Iran’s new leaders.